We will use multiple polls throughout this class. Just go to pollev.com/matthewloop821 when it’s time to conduct a poll.
There are ways of making a graph that slow a reader down.
What is the fourth most common suggested edit?
What company had the 4th highest revenue in 2010?
There are ways of making a graph that distort how accurately you view the relationships.
How many percentage points higher is those with an A and 60-90% attendance vs. those with a D and <60% attendance?
For this section, we will switch between the gapminder dataset, which contains information such as gross domestic product, life expectancy, and fertility on as many countries as possible from 1960 to 2016, and the Framingham Heart Study dataset, the first major cohort study on heart disease started in 1948.
Continuous variables
Histogram:
Density plot:
Categorical variables
Two categorical variables
One categorical, one continuous variable
Continuous plots, but by color for categorical variable:
Summaries of continuous variable, by categorical variable:
Two continuous variables
Two continuous variables, grouped by a third variable 
All graphs basically show one or two variables and how they vary according to a third variable.
The fundamental analytical act in statistical reasoning is to answer the question “Compared with what?”1 Edward Tufte, Beautiful Evidence, p. 127
